Abstract:

Under the premise of investigating how to improve the wireless communication system regarding 5G and beyond, this paper delves into the evolution and enhancement of radio wave propagation models. We are specifically interested in hybrid models, which are combinations of the use of ray-tracing, statistical channel modeling, and the empirical method of achieving greater accuracy in predicting signals in complex environments. This paper discusses indoor propagation, millimeter-wave (mmWave), and terahertz (THz) ranges, bringing out the effects of such frequencies on propagation characteristics both in urban and indoor environments. We also consider new technologies, namely Light Fidelity (LiFi), Visible Light Communication (VLC), and satellite-based systems, evaluating their applications to the unusual propagation demands. Our findings, based on comparison and case studies, have shown that the best approaches to such environments are the advanced hybrid ones, with a rate of success of 22-35 percent over the traditional techniques. The paper ends with suggestions on how to modify propagation models for future wireless networks, and how the problem of precise modeling is of paramount significance to successful network planning and allocation of resources.