As global demand for sustainable energy continues to rise, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have gained attention as an attractive alternative to conventional silicon photovoltaics, offering advantages such as low cost, mechanical flexibility, and reliable performance under low-light conditions. This research investigates the application of two natural photosensitisers—anthocyanin extracted from red cabbage and betalain derived from beetroot—in both individual and dyad configurations, produced using a combined mathematical and chemical model for imprinting Anthocyanin–Betalain Dyad Photovoltaic Structures. Spectroscopic characterization techniques such as UV–Vis and ATR–FTIR have proved the dyes’ absorption properties and the presence of functional groups capable of anchoring to the TiO₂ photoanode layer. While single-dye DSSCs exhibited modest power conversion efficiencies (η) of about 0.02%, the dyad-based devices showed a substantial enhancement, achieving η = 0.3%, representing a 15-fold improvement. This increase is linked to the complementary absorption profiles of the dyes, expanded light-harvesting capability, and improved sensitizer coverage on the photoanode surface. The results align with global sustainability priorities, particularly SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and SDG 13 (Climate Action). Nevertheless, the overall efficiencies remain below those of synthetic sensitizers, emphasizing the need for further optimization in dye extraction, deposition methods, and co-sensitization techniques to advance device performance.
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